Sistemas de microscopía virtual: análisis y perspectivas
Palabras clave:
microscopía, ingeniería biomédica, patología, interfaz usuario-computador, procesamiento de imagen asistida por computador, educación médica, informática médica.
Resumen
Desde finales del siglo XX la microscopía se ha venido transformando, incluyendo nuevos recursos que mejoran y perfeccionan su práctica. Entre ellos se destaca el microscopio virtual, la sinergia entre disciplinas como la patología, la histología, la informática médica y el análisis de imágenes. Esta tecnología ha cambiado muchos paradigmas en la investigación, el diagnóstico, la educación y el entrenamiento médico. Los sistemas de microscopía virtual requieren de la digitalización de una placa con el uso de microscopios robotizados, antes del procesamiento de la imagen y después de él, compresión, transmisión por la red y visualización. En este artículo se hace un análisis extenso de cada uno de estos procesos, y se presentan las principales características de los microscopios virtuales, junto con el impacto de estos sistemas en actividades de interpretación y diagnóstico.Descargas
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Referencias bibliográficas
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9. Crowley RS, Naus GJ, Stewart III J, Friedman CP. Development of visual diagnostic expertise in pathology an information processing study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003;10:39-51.
10. Stewart J, Bevans K, Bhattacharya A, Ye C, Miyazaki K, Kurtycz D. Virtual microscopy: An educator's tool for the enhancement of cytotechnology student's locator skills. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:363-8.
11. Helina H, Lundin M, Lundin J. Web-based virtual microscopy in teaching and standardizing gleason grading. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:381-6.
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13. Catalyurek U, Beynon MD, Chang C, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. The virtual microscope. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2003;7:230-48.
14. Nikon. Microscopy u. the source for microscopy education. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en:http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/formulas/formulasmagrange.html.
15. Nyquist H. Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 1928;47:617-28.
16. Iregui M, Gómez F, Romero E. Strategies for efficient virtual microscopy in pathological sample using JPEG2000. Micron. 2007;38:700-13.
17. Gómez F, Romero E. A model for predicting pathologist's velocity profiles when navigating virtual slides. Microsc Res Tech. 2009;73:85-98.
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19. Zitova B, Flusser J. Image registration methods: A survey. Image Vis Comput. 2003;21:977-1000.
20. Wildermoth M, Bradley A, Mills P. Virtual microscopy with extended depth of field. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:35.
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29. Sung MM, Kim HJ, Kim EK, Kwak JY, Yoo JK, Yoo HS. Clinical evaluation of JPEG2000 compression for digital mammography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2002;49:827-32.
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31. Andrade H, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. Multiple query optimization support for the virtual microscope. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:781-802.
32. Wienert S, Beil M, Saeger K, Hufnagl P, Schrader T. Integration and acceleration of virtual microscopy as the key to successful implementation into the routine diagnostic process. Diagn Pathol. 2009;4:3.
33. Chan A, Lau R, Ng B. Motion prediction for caching and prefetching in mouse-driven DVE navigation. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology. 2005;5:70-91.
34. Descampe J, Vleeschouwer C, Iregui M, Macq B, Marqués F. Prefetching and caching strategies for remote and interactive browsing of JPEG2000 images. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2007;16:1339-54.
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36. Bussolati G. Dissecting the pathologists brain: Mental processes that lead to pathological diagnoses. Virchows Arch. 2006;448:739-43.
37. Tsuchihashi Y, Mazaki T, Nakasato K, Morishima M, Nagata H, Naito K, et al. The basic diagnostic approaches used in robotic still-image telepathology. J Telemed Telecare. 1999;5:115-7.
38. Tiersma E, Peters A, Mooij A, Fleuren G. Visualising scanning patterns of pathologists in the grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:677-80.
39. Paniagua N. Aplicacion para visualizacion de imagenes 2d y 3d empleando vtk. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2004;21:7-19.
40. Wang J, Nguyen J, Lo K, Law C, Regula D. Multiresolution browsing of pathology images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 1999:430-4.
41. Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Progressive display of very high resolution images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 2002:944-8.
42. NASA's Kennedy Space Center and Learning Technologies. The virtual microscope. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu
43. MicroBrightField, Inc. Neuroinformática. Web enabled virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://neuroinformatica.com
44. Zaluzec NJ, ANL EMCenter. The MicroScape Virtual Lab. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.microscopy.com/MicroScape/MicroScape.html
45. iPath Diagnostics Ltd. PathXL virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.ipath.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=1&Itemid=68
46. Dee FR, Leaven T, University of Iowa. The virtual Slidebox. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.path.uiowa.edu/virtualslidebox
47. VMscope GmbH. Vmscope. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://vmscope.com/produkte.html
48. Moshfeghi M, Ta J. Efficient image browsing with JPEG2000 internet protocol. Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging 2004, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Imaging Informatics. 2004;5371:259-67.
49. Eichhorn BA. Ole. System and method for viewing virtual slides, United States patent: 20040167806, 2004.
50. Oger M, Belhomme P, Klossa J, Michels JJ, Elmoataz A. Automated región of interest retrieval and classification using spectral analysis. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S17.
51. Kayser K, Schultz H, Goldmann T, Gortler J, Kayser G, Vollmer E. Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis. Diagn Pathol. 2010;4:6.
52. Gilbertson J, Yagi Y. Histology, imaging and new diagnostic work-flows in pathology. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S14.
53. Schrader, T, Niepage S, Leuthold T, Saeger K, Schluns K, Hufnagl P, et al. The diagnostic path, a useful visualization tool in virtual microscopy. Diagn Pathol. 2006;1:40.
2. Romero E, Gómez F, Iregui M. Virtual microscopy in medical images: A survey. En: Méndez-Vilas A, Diaz J, editores. Microscopy Book Series. Modern research and educational topics in microscopy. Badajoz: Formatex; 2007. p. 996-11.
3. Kim MH, Park Y, Seo D, Lim YJ, Kim D, Kim CW, et al. Virtual microscopy as a practical alternative to conventional microscopy in pathology education. Basic Appl Pathol. 2008;1:46-8.
4. García M, Bueno G, Peces C, González J, Carbajo M. Digital slides in pathology departments (II). An analysis of existing solutions. Revista Española de Patología. 2005;38:207-20.
5. Gagnon M, Inhorn S, Hancock J. Comparison of cytology proficiency testing: Glass slides Vs. virtual slides. Acta Cytol. 2004;48:788-94.
6. Dee F, Donnelly A, Radio S, Leaven T, Kreiter C, Zaleski MS. Utility of 2 and 3 virtual microscopy in cervical cytology education and testing. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:523-9.
7. Kumar RK, Velan GM, Korell SO, Kandara M, Dee FR, Wakefield D. Virtual microscopy for learning and assessment in pathology. J Pathol. 2004;204:613-5.
8. Dee F, Lehman J, Consoer D, Leaven T, Cohen M. Implementation of virtual microscope slides in the annual pathobiology of cancer workshop laboratory. Hum Pathol. 2003;34:430-6.
9. Crowley RS, Naus GJ, Stewart III J, Friedman CP. Development of visual diagnostic expertise in pathology an information processing study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003;10:39-51.
10. Stewart J, Bevans K, Bhattacharya A, Ye C, Miyazaki K, Kurtycz D. Virtual microscopy: An educator's tool for the enhancement of cytotechnology student's locator skills. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:363-8.
11. Helina H, Lundin M, Lundin J. Web-based virtual microscopy in teaching and standardizing gleason grading. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:381-6.
12. Appleton B, Bradley A, Wildermoth M. Towards optimal image stitching for virtual microscopy. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:44.
13. Catalyurek U, Beynon MD, Chang C, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. The virtual microscope. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2003;7:230-48.
14. Nikon. Microscopy u. the source for microscopy education. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en:http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/formulas/formulasmagrange.html.
15. Nyquist H. Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 1928;47:617-28.
16. Iregui M, Gómez F, Romero E. Strategies for efficient virtual microscopy in pathological sample using JPEG2000. Micron. 2007;38:700-13.
17. Gómez F, Romero E. A model for predicting pathologist's velocity profiles when navigating virtual slides. Microsc Res Tech. 2009;73:85-98.
18. Gómez F, Iregui M, Romero E. Prediction of pathologist navigation patterns in virtual microscopy based on a soft-computing approach. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 2008;611:150-6.
19. Zitova B, Flusser J. Image registration methods: A survey. Image Vis Comput. 2003;21:977-1000.
20. Wildermoth M, Bradley A, Mills P. Virtual microscopy with extended depth of field. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:35.
21. Rosenfeld A, Kak AC. Digital picture processing. Orlando: Academic Press; 1982. p. 106-6.
22. Bracewell R. The Fourier transform and its applications. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1986. p. 300-1.
23. Viola P, Wells W. Alignment by maximization of mutual information. Int J Comput Vis. 1997;24:137-54.
24. Clunie D. Lossless compression of grayscale medical images ectiveness of traditional and state of the art approaches. International Society Advancing Light-Based Research. 2000;3980:74.
25. Clunie D, Rojo MG, García GB, Mateos CP, García JG, Vicente MC. Critical comparison of 31 commercially available digital slide systems in pathology. Int J Surg Pathol. 2006;14:285-305.
26. International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC 15444-1. JPEG2000 Image Coding System. Switzerland: ISO; 2004. p. 1-194.
27. Taubman D, Marcellin MW. JPEG2000 image compression, fundamentals, standards and practice. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001. p. 1-773.
28. Krishnan K, Marcellin MW, Bilgin A, Nadar MS. Efficient transmission of compressed data for remote volume visualization. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2006;25:1189-99.
29. Sung MM, Kim HJ, Kim EK, Kwak JY, Yoo JK, Yoo HS. Clinical evaluation of JPEG2000 compression for digital mammography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2002;49:827-32.
30. Szot A, Jacobson FL, Munn S. Diagnostic accuracy of chest x-rays acquired using a digital camera for low-cost teleradiology. Int J Med Inform. 2004;73:65-9.
31. Andrade H, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. Multiple query optimization support for the virtual microscope. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:781-802.
32. Wienert S, Beil M, Saeger K, Hufnagl P, Schrader T. Integration and acceleration of virtual microscopy as the key to successful implementation into the routine diagnostic process. Diagn Pathol. 2009;4:3.
33. Chan A, Lau R, Ng B. Motion prediction for caching and prefetching in mouse-driven DVE navigation. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology. 2005;5:70-91.
34. Descampe J, Vleeschouwer C, Iregui M, Macq B, Marqués F. Prefetching and caching strategies for remote and interactive browsing of JPEG2000 images. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2007;16:1339-54.
35. Krupinski E, Tillack A, Richter L, Henderson J, Bhattacharyya A, Scott K, et al. Eye-movement study and human performance using telepathology virtual slides. Implications for medical education and differences with experience. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1543-56.
36. Bussolati G. Dissecting the pathologists brain: Mental processes that lead to pathological diagnoses. Virchows Arch. 2006;448:739-43.
37. Tsuchihashi Y, Mazaki T, Nakasato K, Morishima M, Nagata H, Naito K, et al. The basic diagnostic approaches used in robotic still-image telepathology. J Telemed Telecare. 1999;5:115-7.
38. Tiersma E, Peters A, Mooij A, Fleuren G. Visualising scanning patterns of pathologists in the grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:677-80.
39. Paniagua N. Aplicacion para visualizacion de imagenes 2d y 3d empleando vtk. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2004;21:7-19.
40. Wang J, Nguyen J, Lo K, Law C, Regula D. Multiresolution browsing of pathology images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 1999:430-4.
41. Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Progressive display of very high resolution images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 2002:944-8.
42. NASA's Kennedy Space Center and Learning Technologies. The virtual microscope. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu
43. MicroBrightField, Inc. Neuroinformática. Web enabled virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://neuroinformatica.com
44. Zaluzec NJ, ANL EMCenter. The MicroScape Virtual Lab. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.microscopy.com/MicroScape/MicroScape.html
45. iPath Diagnostics Ltd. PathXL virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.ipath.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=1&Itemid=68
46. Dee FR, Leaven T, University of Iowa. The virtual Slidebox. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.path.uiowa.edu/virtualslidebox
47. VMscope GmbH. Vmscope. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://vmscope.com/produkte.html
48. Moshfeghi M, Ta J. Efficient image browsing with JPEG2000 internet protocol. Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging 2004, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Imaging Informatics. 2004;5371:259-67.
49. Eichhorn BA. Ole. System and method for viewing virtual slides, United States patent: 20040167806, 2004.
50. Oger M, Belhomme P, Klossa J, Michels JJ, Elmoataz A. Automated región of interest retrieval and classification using spectral analysis. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S17.
51. Kayser K, Schultz H, Goldmann T, Gortler J, Kayser G, Vollmer E. Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis. Diagn Pathol. 2010;4:6.
52. Gilbertson J, Yagi Y. Histology, imaging and new diagnostic work-flows in pathology. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S14.
53. Schrader, T, Niepage S, Leuthold T, Saeger K, Schluns K, Hufnagl P, et al. The diagnostic path, a useful visualization tool in virtual microscopy. Diagn Pathol. 2006;1:40.
Cómo citar
1.
Marín D, Romero E. Sistemas de microscopía virtual: análisis y perspectivas. biomedica [Internet]. 16 de abril de 2011 [citado 16 de abril de 2024];31(1):144-55. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/345
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