Impacto de un sitio de disposición final de residuos sólidos en la salud respiratoria de los adultos mayores
Palabras clave:
eliminación de residuos sólidos, contaminación ambiental, botaderos a cielo abierto, sistema respiratorio, anciano
Resumen
Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un sitio de disposición final de residuos sólidos sobre la salud respiratoria de adultos mayores de 50 años, residentes en su área de influencia.
Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes que incluyó un grupo de 313 adultos mayores de 50 años expuestos al Botadero de Navarro y otro de 359 no expuestos, seguidos durante seis meses, para comparar la incidencia mensual de síntomas respiratorios y alteraciones en el flujo espiratorio pico.
Resultados. Después de ajustar por edad, sexo, escolaridad, humedad, afiliación a salud, enfermedades concomitantes, tabaquismo y exposición ocupacional previa, la exposición al Botadero de Navarro se asoció con la presencia de uno o más síntomas respiratorios (OR=1,25; IC95%: 1,01-1,56), síntomas respiratorios moderados (OR=1,28; IC95%: 0,98-1,66), pero no se encontró asociación con síntomas respiratorios graves (OR= 1,16; IC95%: 0,89-1,50). Se evidenció una mayor recurrencia de síntomas en los adultos de la zona expuesta (coeficiente de correlación=0,29, IC95%: 0,23-0,33, p=0,000). En los adultos expuestos al Botadero de Navarro, se encontró en la función pulmonar una reducción significativa del flujo espiratorio pico (-15,19 L/minuto; IC95%: -30,16-0,22).
Conclusión. Este estudio muestra que, independientemente de los potenciales factores de confusión, la salud respiratoria de los adultos mayores de 50 años expuestos al Botadero de Navarro está afectada con una mayor presencia y cronicidad de síntomas respiratorios moderados y una disminución de la función pulmonar.
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Referencias bibliográficas
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29. Eagan TM, Bakke PS, Eide GE, Gulsvik A. Incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms by sex, age and smoking in a community study. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:599-605.
30. Ronmark E, Lundback B, Jönsson E, Jonsson A-C, Lindström M, Sandstöm T, et al. Incidence of asthma in adults-report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study. Allergy. 1997;52:1071-8.
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33. Evans J, Hyndman S, Stewart-Brown S, Smith D, Petersen S. An epidemiological study of the relative importance of damp housing in relation to adult health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:677-86.
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35. Kilpeläinen M, Terho E, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Home dampness, current allergic diseases, and respiratory infections among young adults. Thorax. 2001;56:462-7.
36. Gunnbjörnsdóttir M, Franklin K , Norbäck D, Björnsson E, Gislason D, Lindberg E, et al. Prevalence and incidence of respiratory symptoms in relation to indoor dampness: The RHINE Study. Thorax. 2006;61;221-5.
37. Welle I, Eide G.E, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS. Pulmonary gas exchange and educational level: A community study. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:583-8.
38. Martins M, Fatigati FL, Véspoli TC, Martins LC, Pereira LA, Martins MA, et al. Influence of socioeconomic conditions on air pollution adverse health effects in elderly people: An analysis of six regions in São Paulo, Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58;41-6.
39. Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Socioeconomic status, lung function and admission to hospital for COPD: Results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:1109-114.
40. Jerrett M, Burnett T, Brook J, Kanaroglou P, Giovis C, Filkestein N, et al. Do socioeconomic characteristics modify the short term association between air pollution and mortality? Evidence from a zonal time series in Hamilton, Canada. J Epidemiol and Community Health. 2004;58:31-40.
41. Medina-Ramón M, Zock JP, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J, Antó JM. Asthma symptoms in women employed in domestic cleaning: A community based study. Thorax. 2003;58:950-4.
42. Matheson MC, Benke G, Raven J, Sim MR, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, et al. Biological dust exposure in the workplace is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60:645-51.
43. Cançado J, Saldiva P, Pereira L, Lara L, Artaxo P, Martinelli L, et al. The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:725-9.
44. Abbey D, Burchette R, Knutsen S, Mcdonnell W, Lebowitz M, Enright P. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:289-98.
45. Shohaimi S, Welch A, Bingham S, Luben R, Day N, Wareham N, et al. Area deprivation predicts lung function independently of education and social class. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:157-61.
46. Alfonso HS, Fritschi L, Klerk NH, Olsen N, Sleith J, Musk A. Effects of asbestos and smoking on the levels and rates of change of lung function in a crocidolite exposed cohort in Western Australia. Thorax. 2004;59:1052-6.
47. Beeckman L, Wang M, Petsonk E, Wagner G. Rapid declines in FEV1 and subsequent respiratory symptoms, illnesses, and mortality in coal miners in the united states. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:633-9.
48. Bergdahl I, Tore´n K, Eriksson K, Hedlund U, Nilssonz T, Flodin R, et al. Increased mortality in COPD among construction workers exposed to inorganic dust. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:402-6.
2. Vrijheid M. Health effects of residence near hazardous waste landfill sites: A review of epidemiologic literature. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:101-12.
3. Fielder HMP, PoonKing CM, Palmer CR, Moss N, Coleman G. Assessment of impact on health of residents living near the NantyGwyddon landfill site: Retrospective analysis. BMJ. 2000;320:19-23.
4. Cristina L, Sisinno S. Non-inert industrial solid waste disposal in landfill dumps: Evaluation of toxicity and implications for the environment and human health. Cad Saúde Pública. 2003;19:369-74.
5. Rushton L. Health hazards and waste management. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:183-97.
6. Zemp E, Elsasser S, Schindler C, Künzli N, Perruchoud AP, Domenighetti G, et al. Long term ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms in adults (SAPALDIA study). The SAPALDIA Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1257-66.
7. Neuberger M, Schimek M, Horak JR, Moshammerb H, Kundib M, Frischer T, et al. Acute effects of particulate matter on respiratory diseases, symptoms and functions: Epidemiological results of the Austrian Project on Health Effects of Particulate Matter (AUPHEP). Atmos Environ. 2004;38:3971-81.
8. Briggs D. Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:1-24.
9. Katsouyanni K. Ambient air pollution and health. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:143-56.
10. Sunyer J. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review. Eur Respir J. 2001;17:1024-33.
11. Gómez R, Filigrana P, Méndez F. Descripción de la calidad del aire en el área de influencia del Botadero de Navarro, Cali, Colombia. Colombia Médica. 2008;39:245-52.
12. Mosquera J, Gómez O, Méndez F. Percepción del impacto del vertedero final de basuras en la salud y en el ambiente físico y social en Cali. Rev Salud Pública. 2009;11:549-58.
13. Girón S, Mateus J, Méndez F. Impacto de un botadero a cielo abierto en el desarrollo de síntomas respiratorios y en costos familiares de atención en salud de niños entre 1 a 5 años en Cali, Colombia. Biomédica. 2009;29:392-402.
14. Ocampo C, Pradilla A, Méndez F. Impacto de un depósito de residuos sólidos en el crecimiento infantil. Colombia Médica. 2008;39:245-54.
15. Frank PI, Wicks PD, Hazell ML, Linehan MF, Hirsch S, Hannaford PC, et al. Temporal change in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and obstructive airways disease 1993-2001. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55:596-602.
16. Linehan MF, Hazell ML, Frank TL, Frank PI. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in under 5s: 1993 to 2001. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:516-9.
17. Tabak C, Smit HA. Bronchial symptoms and obstruction: Recent prevalence and short-term trends (1993-1997) in adults in the Netherlands. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145:2429-34.
18. Burney P, Luczynsca J, Chinn S, Jarvis D. The European community respiratory health survey. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:954-60.
19. Bellia V, Pistelli F, Giannini D, Scichilone N, Catalano F, Spatafora M, et al. Questionnaires, spirometry and FEP monitoring in epidemiological studies on elderly respiratory patients. Eur Respir J. 2003;21 (Suppl.40):21-7.
20. Gregg A, Nunn AJ. Peak expiratory flow in normal subjects. Br Med J. 1973;3:382-84.
21. Stocks J, Quanjer PH. Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. ATS workshop on lung volume measurements. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:492-506.
22. Ruffin R. Peak expiratory flow (FEP) monitoring. Thorax. 2004;59:913-4.
23. Douma WR, Mark W, Folgering H, Kort E, Koëter GH, Postma DS. Mini-wright peak flow meters are reliable after 5 years use. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:457-9.
24. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continues outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42:121-30.
25. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989.
26. Wong T, Wun Y, Yu T, Tam W, Wong C, Wong A. Air pollution and general practice consultations for respiratory illnesses. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:949-50.
27. Hernández-Cadena L, Téllez-Rojo M, Sanín-Aguirre L, Lacasaña-Navarro M, Campos A, Romieu I. Relación entre consultas a urgencias por enfermedad respiratoria y contaminación atmosférica en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Salud Pública Mex. 2000;42:288-97.
28. Hegde U, Chang TC, Yang SS. Methane and carbon dioxide emission from Shan-Chu-Ku landfill site in northern Taiwan. Chemosphere. 2003;52:1275-85.
29. Eagan TM, Bakke PS, Eide GE, Gulsvik A. Incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms by sex, age and smoking in a community study. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:599-605.
30. Ronmark E, Lundback B, Jönsson E, Jonsson A-C, Lindström M, Sandstöm T, et al. Incidence of asthma in adults-report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study. Allergy. 1997;52:1071-8.
31. Vineis P, Airoldi L, Veglia F, Olgiati L, Pastorelli R, Autrup H, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of respiratory cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in former smokers and never smokers in the EPIC prospective study. BMJ. 2005;330:265-6.
32. Shaper A, Wannamethee SG, Walker M. Pipe and cigar smoking and major cardiovascular events, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in middle-aged British men. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:802-8.
33. Evans J, Hyndman S, Stewart-Brown S, Smith D, Petersen S. An epidemiological study of the relative importance of damp housing in relation to adult health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:677-86.
34. Rennie D, Chen Y, Lawson J, Dosman J. Differential effect of damp housing on respiratory health in women. JAMA. 2005;60:46-51.
35. Kilpeläinen M, Terho E, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Home dampness, current allergic diseases, and respiratory infections among young adults. Thorax. 2001;56:462-7.
36. Gunnbjörnsdóttir M, Franklin K , Norbäck D, Björnsson E, Gislason D, Lindberg E, et al. Prevalence and incidence of respiratory symptoms in relation to indoor dampness: The RHINE Study. Thorax. 2006;61;221-5.
37. Welle I, Eide G.E, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS. Pulmonary gas exchange and educational level: A community study. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:583-8.
38. Martins M, Fatigati FL, Véspoli TC, Martins LC, Pereira LA, Martins MA, et al. Influence of socioeconomic conditions on air pollution adverse health effects in elderly people: An analysis of six regions in São Paulo, Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58;41-6.
39. Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Socioeconomic status, lung function and admission to hospital for COPD: Results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:1109-114.
40. Jerrett M, Burnett T, Brook J, Kanaroglou P, Giovis C, Filkestein N, et al. Do socioeconomic characteristics modify the short term association between air pollution and mortality? Evidence from a zonal time series in Hamilton, Canada. J Epidemiol and Community Health. 2004;58:31-40.
41. Medina-Ramón M, Zock JP, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J, Antó JM. Asthma symptoms in women employed in domestic cleaning: A community based study. Thorax. 2003;58:950-4.
42. Matheson MC, Benke G, Raven J, Sim MR, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, et al. Biological dust exposure in the workplace is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60:645-51.
43. Cançado J, Saldiva P, Pereira L, Lara L, Artaxo P, Martinelli L, et al. The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:725-9.
44. Abbey D, Burchette R, Knutsen S, Mcdonnell W, Lebowitz M, Enright P. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:289-98.
45. Shohaimi S, Welch A, Bingham S, Luben R, Day N, Wareham N, et al. Area deprivation predicts lung function independently of education and social class. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:157-61.
46. Alfonso HS, Fritschi L, Klerk NH, Olsen N, Sleith J, Musk A. Effects of asbestos and smoking on the levels and rates of change of lung function in a crocidolite exposed cohort in Western Australia. Thorax. 2004;59:1052-6.
47. Beeckman L, Wang M, Petsonk E, Wagner G. Rapid declines in FEV1 and subsequent respiratory symptoms, illnesses, and mortality in coal miners in the united states. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:633-9.
48. Bergdahl I, Tore´n K, Eriksson K, Hedlund U, Nilssonz T, Flodin R, et al. Increased mortality in COPD among construction workers exposed to inorganic dust. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:402-6.
Cómo citar
1.
Filigrana PA, Gómez OL, Méndez F. Impacto de un sitio de disposición final de residuos sólidos en la salud respiratoria de los adultos mayores. biomedica [Internet]. 31 de marzo de 2011 [citado 18 de abril de 2024];31(3):322-34. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/346
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